Classifications of Hackers

In the underground of hacking, hackers are classified depending on their skills, knowledge, and capabilities.

White Hat - Breaks security without malicious reasons to test their personal skills or work with a company that needs intensive security assurance.

Black Hat or Cracker - Violates computer security with malicious intent for personal gain, destruction of data, and to make network unstable. This hacker type takes time and patience in doing their illegal work.

Grey Hat - Hacks system to notify administrators that it is vulnerable and offers repair service for a fee.

Blue Hat - Tests system for bugs prior to launch.

Neophytete - Newly turned hackers with full understanding of how computers, networks, and programs work. Usually, this is the starting stage for future classification to other hats.

Script Kiddies or Skid die - Breaks computer systems using automate tools with no understanding or care of how they work.

Hacktivist - Regardless of classification, the hacktivist uses technology vulnerabilities to announce his social, ideological, religious or political message.

Elite Hacker - Considered the most skilled hacker, regardless of classification. Newly discovered exploits will circulate within this group.

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Life on Mars - A true possibility!

Mars, the fourth planet from the Sun and Earth's closest neighbour has long been seen as an alternative home to humans after Earth. Since the conditions on Mars (certain parts of it at least) are very similar to the environment found on earth, scientists believe that there is a very real possibility that Mars might support life. However till now, there has been no such evidence found hence scientist believe that Mars might be similar to earth in some ways but in terms of life evolution, it might just be in a primordial stage. A recent study by Colorado Boulder has increased interest in this study


The findings
 The findings that were published in the journal of Natural Geo sciences, explains how a chemical reaction between iron holding minerals and water leads to the production of hydrogen ‘food’ to mitigate the growth of microbial communities. Such reactions are commonly observed in pores and cracks of rocks below the ocean floor. The issue however was that, the areas below the ocean floors are extremely hot, so despite ‘hydrogen food’ being produced, the heat is too much for microorganisms to survive. This condition is observed on the hydrothermal vent systems on the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.
 The research has proven that this may not be completely true and in certain conditions, such reactions can take place in much cooler climates where microorganisms can survive and benefit from this hydrogen food. And where are such conditions available? On Mars! Further the scientists also hinted that such rock-water reactions were what led to the formation of life on earth in the first place. For all we know, Mars might be on the brink of a very similar Eco-system.

Method
 If you are interested in understanding how exactly the scientists came to this finding, this section will interest you. The researchers used a ‘synchrotron radiation’ technique to produce this hydrogen food in a lab experiment. The researchers expected to find stable iron minerals when this experiment was conducted at lower temperatures. But to their surprise they discovered a conducting material called ‘spinels’. This lead to the conclusion that at low temperatures, these conductors helped exchange of electrons between water and iron eventually producing hydrogen.

Wolf Pack Ranking :

Wolf Pack Rankings :

High Rankings:

Alpha (1-2) - Usually there are two within a pack, although sometimes there is only one. However there can only be one of each gender holding this position. They are normally the active mating pair. They are dominant over all the rest of the pack and what they say should be considered law within their pack. They take an interest in what goes on in their pack and if they've been away for any length of time look to the Beta to learn of what goes on in the pack. (Leaders)

Beta (1-2) - There may be one or two in a pack, one of each gender. They may or may not be mates and are second in command. When neither alpha are around they take charge as it is the responsibility that falls to them. The Beta is there in order to test the Alpha in skirmishes which are never truly serious and results in little to no damage of either creature. Although there may come a time when the challenge is serious. (Second in Command)

Gamma (1-2) - Those holding this position are usually if not always the oldest and wisest of the pack. Through their stories and their phrases they pass on to the others within the pack their wisdom. They delight in telling stories to pups though sometimes what they tell is just legend, but still each story usually has some sort of moral to it. At one time they may have been the Alpha and usually that is true. However the current Alphas may put others here should it seem right to them. There is usually only one or two who fill this position and normally only one of each gender, especially if they were a prior Alpha pair. Those who hold this position are much respected and loved by the rest of the pack. (Elders)

Delta (1-4) - They are the messengers of the pack, the go between among the allies and sometimes even the axis. They risk their own lives by doing so, but it is their duty and must make sure that those who need to know are told. Sometimes they work in conjunction with the Upsilon. Those who seek this position must be agile, patient and have an even temperament while speaking with other packs. (Messengers)

Epsilon (1-2) - They are the Guardians of the pack. Their job is to ward off intruders and are responsible for the safety and well being of the pack. They should have at one time been either an Zeta, Eta or Iota for they will need the skills of peace and fighting. Though they should only resort to violence should peaceful persuasion fail. (Guardian)s

Zeta (1-3) - The war general of the pack. They take direct orders from the Alpha in case of a war. The Alpha may be the one to declare war, but the Zeta leads the army and plan the plans for war. They also train new recruits for position as a Eta and Eta or more to take his or her place in future. Normally there is only a single Zeta, but if the populace is high there can be as many as three. (War General)

Eta (2-8) - There are at least two in a pack. The Eta are the warriors of the pack. They are led by the Zeta or the Epsilon during skirmishes and wars. Although they will take orders from the Alpha or other higher ranks if given, but the Alpha's above all. (Warriors)

Theta (1) - They are the lead medics within the pack, therefore it is they that the Iota aspire to be. (Lead Medic)

Iota (1-2) - They are the medics of the pack, knowledgeable in herbology. They have vast knowledge upon what plants and other natural resources will help cure and heal others. (Medics)

Kappa (1-2) - They are the lead hunters in the pack. Normally there is only one, though sometimes there are two depending upon how large the pack is. They lead the packs hunts when the Alpha or the Beta when substituting tell them to. They make sure that the entire pack is well fed and will not starve. They oversee as well, that the pack will have a well balanced diet. (Lead Hunters)

Lambda (Unlimited) - They are the hunters of the pack. They follow the Alpha or the Iota in the hunts. Those who hold this position are loyal and quick to follow orders. They have stealth and agility on their side and together are able to take down larger prey. (Hunters)


Mid Rankings

Mu (1) - They are the peace keeper of the pack, using mediation between those who're angry with one another. The Alpha may take them with them to speak with another pack over starting a treaty. They make sure that no serious fights break out within their own pack. They may at times also work with the Delta, Zeta or Upsilon. (Peace Keeper)

Nu (1-6) - They are the sentries of the pack. Their duty is to keep track of natural resources, finding dens and areas of abundant food for the pack. They also must keep watch of the pack making sure to call the Epsilon, Delta, Lambda or Upsilon. (Sentries)

Xi (1-2) - Their main duty is to keep an eye on their resources such as water supplies and potential den areas. They may at times even assist the hunters. Should an unwelcome visitor infiltrate the packs territory they are able to call upon the Guardians/Epsilon. (Resource Watchers)

Omicron (1) - The Omicron is usually the lead Pi and oversee to it that each one is taking care of the rest of the packs problems in a way that wont harm anyone. They are those who with permission from the Alpha may choose who will become a Pi. (Top Therapist)

Pi (1-4) - The Pi are therapists within the pack. Often the other members will come to them to confide in, because it is the duty of the Pi to keep such confidences confidential and try and help those who come to them by giving them advice and advising them on what might be best for them. Although they are not always right, but should be able to help out and be a good listener. It is also advised that they themselves do not make judgements of others. (Therapists)

Rho (1-2) - The Rho are secretaries to the Pi, making sure that they have breaks in between appointments. They also are the ones that those seeking the therapist must come to in order to make an appointment so things do not become to chaotic if everyone wishes to speak with the Pi. (Secretaries)

Sigma (1-2) - The Sigma are the Tutors of the pack. They know much about each thing. They often work with the Phi in order to teach the pups as well as the subordinates and others who might need a bit more knowledge within the pack. (Tutors)

Tau (1) - The Tau is the lead Scout/Upsilon. They give orders to the Upsilon on whom to spy upon or what packs to look at. They are also known as the best of the Upsilon and only those who've proven themselves may be promoted from Upsilon to this position. However their direct orders come from the Alphas. (Lead Scout)

Upsilon (1-4) - The Upsilon are the scouts or spies of the pack. They go into other pack territories in order to find out what's going on. Afterwards they report back to the Alpha and tell them about all that they have seen, even should it just be that pups have been born. They will also report to the Zeta if they were asked to find wolves of their own for battle, or they report to the Alpha pair. (Scouts/Spies).

Lower Rankings

Phi (1) - They are the pup sitters of the pack and delight in teaching the young that which they will need in the future. However if a pup gets lost or hurt they are hold accountable should the pup have been under their care at that time. (Pup-sitter)

Chi (1) - They are the jester of the pack. They help to make others laugh when things get stressful. (Jester)

Psi (Unlimited) - These are the subordinates of the pack. Usually new members or yearling wolves start here and must prove themselves before they are given a better ranking. However they need to be careful and achieve a higher ranking least they become the Omega. (Subordinate)

Omega (1) - They are the scape goats of a pack. Often they are picked on by the other wolves and are last to eat. Sometimes things may become so bad that they might even up and leave the pack, though there are those who remain to stick it out. (Lowest Rank)

PUP:

Pup - They are the young usually born into the pack under the age of one. Depending upon morality and the attitude of a pack as well as the food that is available the number of pups in any pack may vary

Six Interesting Facts About King Tut

Six Interesting Facts About King Tut:

Ninety years ago tomorrow, the British archaeologist Howard Carter ceremoniously opened the sealed doorway to the treasure-filled burial chamber of Tutankhamen in Egypt’s Valley of the Kings. King Tut’s tomb and the riches it contained would fuel a worldwide obsession with ancient Egypt in general and the long-dead ruler, who reigned for just one decade some 3,300 years ago, in particular. On the anniversary of Carter’s legendary discovery, explore six surprising facts about the teenage pharaoh and his final resting place

1. There is no curse of King Tut.

When Carter first entered King Tut’s lost tomb in November 1922, his financial backer George Herbert—a wealthy lord with a passion for Egyptology—was at his side. Four months later, Herbert died of apparent blood poisoning from an infected mosquito bite. Newspapers speculated that the Englishman had fallen victim to a “mummy’s curse” supposedly outlined on a clay tablet outside Tut’s tomb. Rumors flew anew after the sudden deaths of others who had visited the Valley of the Kings. It turns out, however, that frenzied journalists fabricated the story of the inscription. And in 2002, scientists examined the survival rates of 44 Westerners who had been in Egypt during Carter’s excavation, concluding that they were not at elevated risk of dying early.

2. King Tut’s untimely death was probably accidental.

For years, it was speculated that King Tut’s death at age 19 came courtesy of a blow to the head, inflicted, perhaps, by a murderous rival. More recently, however, experts have determined that the damage to his mummy’s skull occurred after death, either during the embalming process or at the hands of Carter’s crew. So how did the boy king die? In 2005 a study revealed that he broke his leg and developed an infection in the wound shortly before death. According to one theory, the pharaoh sustained the injury by falling from his chariot during a hunt. Meanwhile, DNA testing in 2010 suggested that Tutankhamen had malaria, which might have exacerbated a leg infection or caused him to fall in the first place. Alternate theories about King Tut’s demise still abound, however, including the hypothesis that he succumbed to the lethal bite of an enraged hippopotamus.

3. Tutankhamen reversed the radicalism of his father, reinstating traditional religious beliefs.

Historians describe Tutankhamen’s reign as largely uneventful, but the young pharaoh did institute at least one major reform. His father, Akhenaten, considered the god Aten to be the Egyptian pantheon’s most important deity and encouraged his worship above all others. Akhenaten also transferred the Egyptian capital from Thebes to a new site devoted to Aten. Tutankhamen is thought to have reversed these unpopular religious changes, restoring the god Amun to his former glory and moving the capital back to Thebes. He abandoned his original name, Tutankhaten (“living image of Aten”), for Tutankhamen (“living image of Amun”).

4. Tutankhamen was likely the product of incest.

In 2010 researchers performing DNA analyses on the remains of King Tut and his relatives made a shocking announcement. The boy king, they believed, was the product of incest between the pharaoh Akhenaten and one of his sisters. Inbreeding was rampant among ancient Egyptian royals, who saw themselves as descendants of the gods and hoped to maintain pure bloodlines. Experts think this trend contributed to higher incidences of congenital defects—such as King Tut’s cleft palate and club foot—among rulers. Tutankhamen himself would eventually marry his father’s daughter by his chief wife—his half-sister, Ankhesenamun.

5. King Tut wasn’t buried alone.

As Carter ventured further into Tutankhamen’s tomb, he discovered a treasury room brimming with priceless funerary objects, including gold figurines, ritual jewelry, small boats representing the journey to the netherworld and a shrine for the pharaoh’s embalmed organs. The chamber also held two miniature coffins that contained two fetuses. Recent DNA tests suggest that one of the mummies is that of Tutankhamen’s stillborn daughter and that the other was likely his child as well. Experts believe King Tut left no living heirs, perhaps because he and Ankhesenamun could only conceive offspring with fatal congenital disorders.

6. Three millennia after his death, the once-obscure Tutankhamen became all the rage.

For several years following Carter’s discovery, no ruler was more popular than Egypt’s boy king. Formerly a minor footnote in the tome of Egyptian history, Tutankhamen took the world by storm. Women donned snake bracelets and gold dresses inspired by his iconic funerary mask, mummies haunted the silver screen and showgirls at the Folies Bergère in Paris performed a Tut-themed review. “Tutmania,” as it was known, once again swept the United States when a collection of objects from the pharaoh’s tomb toured the country from 1977 to 1979. The craze reached such a fever pitch that comedian Steve Martin mocked it in his 1978 song “King Tut.”